Borders before 1000 CE are the most recent snapshot at or before the date, from
Historical Basemaps
(aourednik, GPL-3.0; the derived border data is GPL-3.0 too, simplified for the web;
its author warns they are approximate and disputed). Borders 1000-2024: Cliopatria
(Seshat Global History Databank), licensed
CC BY 4.0. Source:
github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria,
archived at zenodo.org/records/13363121; described in
doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04516-9.
Changes made: simplified, filtered (relations and grouping rows removed, identical consecutive
geometries merged) and re-encoded. Years after 2024 show the 2024 borders. From 1000 to 1900 a faint
Historical Basemaps layer fills areas Cliopatria leaves unmapped. Coastlines: Natural Earth (public domain).
Borders are approximate and one version of a contested record. Event dates are from general knowledge; the most
prominent events have been checked against Wikipedia, the rest have not. Descriptions are paraphrased from Wikipedia (CC BY-SA).
Keys. ← → step: from 1500 CE on a month (the time lens window, about 30 days), Shift a year, Alt or Ctrl a day; before 1500 one slider step (Shift = 10 steps). While the time lens is zoomed in, the plain arrows follow its window (day, week or month). PgUp/PgDn a month, L toggles the lens, [ ] jump a basemap page, scroll or pinch to zoom, click a region for details.